在福清“重新发现”一座宋塔

半桶水先生 发表于 2024-9-18 15:44:43

来源：新浪微博撰文暂不留名、aier闽<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">海口天峰塔？        在福清市海口镇前村南门自然村凤林寺内的七星岩上，有一座小型石塔，八角七层，仿木楼阁式，高约7.5米，每层塔壁设壁龛，龛中浮雕佛像，塔下双层须弥座，束腰浮雕花草、狮子、持剑武士等。凤林寺前殿大而作为大雄宝殿的后殿小，十分反常，石塔位居两殿中间的狭小院落内，虽是高处，终究不为外人所见。▼ 凤林寺与寺内石塔 <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure><figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure><figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure>          现场贴有文物保护标志，显示此塔为“海口天峰塔”，身份为“福清市不可移动文物点”。标志旁还有一块石碑，碑额书“天峰塔”三个大字，内容为“建于<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration:underline;">明朝万历元年（公元一五五三年），时值林正亨钦命户部侍郎，荣归故里拜祖而建塔铭记。”落款“海口镇人民政府立，公元一九九七年元月廿六日”。▼ 文物保护标志与1997年重修碑 <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure>        在福清市文化体育和旅游局的官方微信公众号中，对天峰塔是这样描述的：“位于福清市海口镇海口<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration:underline;">龟山顶，<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration:underline;">明崇祯甲戌年（1634），海口人都给事林正亨和举人黄见泰募缘鸠工兴建，该塔为八角七层实心花岗岩石塔，垒建于一块巨岩之上，塔高约7.5米，仿木楼阁式、每层塔壁设佛龛，龛内雕刻佛像。须弥座雕有花卉，动物图案。后塔毁于台风，1997年海口乡民集资重修古塔。”        而按照《中国文物地图集福建分册下》的文物登记资料，天峰塔位于”海口镇镇政府驻地<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration:underline;">龟山顶”，“<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration:underline;">明万历元年（1573）为户部侍郎林正亨荣归故里拜祖而建，1997年重修。八角七层实心石塔，高7.5米，每层塔壁设佛龛，龛内雕佛像。须弥座雕有花卉、动物图案。”         三处材料，三种时间？综合多处资料来看，此塔疑点重重。首先，按照凤林寺内对自己的介绍，此处为七星岩，不曾提到龟山二字；其次，建塔的时间出现不同说法，必有错谬；以及，此塔保存完好，可不像是被台风毁坏后重建的。        而从时代风格来看，福清存有多处明代石塔，如瑞云塔、紫云宝塔、迎潮塔、鳌江宝塔、万安祝圣宝塔等，其共同的特征是塔檐大幅缩短，显得塔身粗壮僵直，不再有早期楼阁舒展飘逸的观感。显然此塔与它们不同。        那么，此塔是明代的塔吗？甚至，此塔是天峰塔吗？  <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">龟山？        龟山在哪？和七星岩是什么关系？        根据清康熙《海口特志》，龟山位于<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">海口民城内，又叫岐山，旧有塔。“<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration:underline;">龟山塔，在方民里<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration:underline;">海口龟山，寺首僧从登有道，乃邑人钦信，募缘造及三级，用工精致，非他塔比，然垒石续之，恐海寇至，乡人以此难之，<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration:underline;">只造三级，莫能成功，旧址尚存。”        而凤林寺所在的是镇东卫城，而非海口民城。所以文物资料中的龟山是张冠李戴，此塔也不可能是龟山塔。▼ 《海口特志》中记载的龟山塔 <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure>  <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">文献中的天峰塔        历史文献中的确是有“天峰塔”的。        清乾隆《福清县志》载：“天峰塔，在<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration:underline;">镇东卫南门外，明都谏林正亨、总兵刘应宠、举人黄见泰募建。”        清康熙《海口特志》载：“天峰塔，<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration:underline;">东村垒石七级，<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration:underline;">高广佛像虽不侔于瑞峰，亦一方胜概也。崇祯甲戍年，都谏林公正亨、孝廉黄公见泰创建，旁有塔寺，当日命名谓之天锋。有人议之曰：锋不可露，恐兆两城干戈，丁亥年果罹惨变。今以愚见，可改为’天辅塔’，取九星辅佐之义，<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration:underline;">两城俱在其右，必获康居。吉凶虽由天数，亦强人谋，勿以某刺谬可也。峰辅同音，谓之天人皆欲避之。古语云：语为吉祥多富贵，是也。”         首先是时间问题。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">林正亨是明万历十八年生人，万历四十七年的进士，怎么可能在万历元年荣归故里建塔呢？《海口特志》所载的“崇祯甲戍年”应当是准确的，也就是崇祯七年建天峰塔，此时林正亨任户部给事中，符合文献记载。        然后是地点。有几个描述方位的关键信息——<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">“镇东卫南门外”、“东村”和“两城俱在其右”。        由“南门外”可知天峰塔不在镇东卫内。那么验证凤林寺是否确如寺中所说的位于镇东卫西关内就非常关键了。镇东卫城址已经完全无存，现在已经无法找到准确的城墙和城门的位置。目前已知镇东卫在城里村附近，而<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">凤林寺东侧约200米处被村民称为“南门兜”。镇东卫是明代卫所海防系统的重要一环，在古籍方志中不难找到其身影。而凤林寺虽在《福清县志》、《海口特志》、《续海口志》等历史文献中都没有明确文字记载，却正好在图志中寻得蛛丝马迹。▼ 清乾隆《福清县志》”盐场图”中的凤林寺 <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure><figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure><figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure> ▼ 清乾隆《福清县志》“龙江月棹图”中的妈祖庙   <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure><figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure><figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure>          清乾隆《福清县志》的”盐场图”中绘制了镇东卫城及周边的地形与地标，其中绘有凤林寺与妈祖庙，并带有一塔，此处明确标注“凤林寺”。而在“龙江月棹图”中再次出现妈祖庙和石塔。现在凤林寺旁确有一座重建的妈祖庙。且两图的位置都在镇东卫西门内不远处一岩石之上，山下都有一“恩荣三世坊”。此牌坊据《续海口志》记载，“在<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration:underline;">镇东西门内，布政使佘梦鲤坊，今虽尚存，多有剥落。”2015年，海口村民在盖房时挖出一块石匾额，上书“明赠中大夫、广东布政司右参政，祖佘允昭，父佘锟。嘉议大夫、湖广按察司按察使，钦陛二品俸佘梦鲤”。据村民所说牌坊原位于“官下尾”，后牌坊倒塌，残件被搬去修建水库、水井，而“官下尾”就在凤林寺的西侧100多米处。图中的几处地标全都能一一对应，显然当今的凤林寺就是图志中的凤林寺无误。  ▼ 2015年，海口村民在西门内挖出恩荣三世坊构件 <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure>         至此我们已经找到了凤林寺比较准确的相对位置。那么天峰塔应该在哪里呢？那就要从另外两个关键信息——<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">“东村”和“两城俱在其右”——入手了。          之前搜索<a href="https://weibo.cn/sinaurl?u=http%3A%2F%2Fmp.weixin.qq.com%2Fs%3F__biz%3DMjM5ODkxMTcyMQ%3D%3D%26amp%3Bmid%3D2651170592%26amp%3Bidx%3D1%26amp%3Bsn%3D9e7c5d3a5d54070952e5f7cf20d5360c%26amp%3Bchksm%3Dbd328ca68a4505b0ce8b4880b7f4bd6f8b96f306b8b32e8ee6ba227e2df5e673c1faf04fca07%26amp%3Bscene%3D21%23wechat_redirect" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(235, 115, 80); text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">林氏岭顶厝</a>相关资料的时候，恰好在《福清林氏大宗谱》中找到“前村林氏”：“<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration:underline;">前村，又名东村，地处福清湾北岸，是海口镇南大门。东邻斗垣村，西接立新村，南面港湾，北与古镇卫城（今城里村）接壤，为红山、龙江、门前三江环绕。”对照历史卫星图，东村就是今天的前村自然村，镇东卫城和海口民城都在其西面，符合古人坐北朝南视角的“俱在其右”。而今天隶属于前村行政村的南门自然村，也就是凤林寺的所在地，其实原本是在城内的。▼ 1978年卫星图中的镇东卫城旧址附近 <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure> ▼ 今天的镇东卫城旧址与周边山川古迹形势 <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure>         那么，还有没有一种可能，天峰塔是从东村被搬到了凤林寺中呢？          答案是否定的。按照《海口特志》记载，天峰塔<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration:underline;">“高广佛像虽不侔于瑞峰，亦一方胜概也”，宋代瑞峰塔是一座可以登临观日的大型石塔（民国初倒塌），据说比瑞云塔还要高一点，那么天峰塔应该与鳌江宝塔、万安祝圣宝塔体量相当，而不可能是7.5米高的小塔。         有幸的是，我们也找到了一些天峰塔的图像。        在清康熙《福清县志》的“福清县境图”中，就有“天峰塔”，绘在镇东卫旁东村处，略小于瑞峰塔，与文献相符。又有，清乾隆二年的《福建通志》中的“海岛图”也画出了天峰塔，虽然没有标注文字，但<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">“两城俱在其右”的方位足以帮助辨认。而到了乾隆十一年的《福清县志》中却已不绘制天峰塔了，不知道是绘图省略了，还是天峰塔正是在这期间倒塌的。▼ 清康熙《福清县志》“福清县境图”中的镇东卫与天峰塔 <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure><figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure> ▼ 清乾隆《福建通志》“海岛图”中的海口民城与镇东城 <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure>  <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">那么，是什么塔？          答案近在眼前。        凤林寺前殿中保存着三通古碑，分别立于清嘉庆、光绪和民国年间，其中嘉庆碑的序文就明确写道了这座石塔。<blockquote style="margin: 6px 0px; padding: 55px 30px 35px; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 4px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(217, 217, 217); border-image: initial; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background: url(../../../images/pagecard/bg_blockquote.png) 30px 20px no-repeat rgb(242, 242, 245); color: grey;">修建凤林寺碑  <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">镇之西关内，不数武翼然鹄立者，凤林寺也。地踞七星之胜，峰峦叠嶂，气象万千。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">寺之后有浮图，云霄直上；寺之前为雉堞，形胜巍峨。外而远屿浮青，长江万顷，洵与王子安《滕王阁序》“襟三江而带五湖”之句近是。独是寺之建修，前诸君子历有成功，兹复新建前座楼台，式廓其模伡，龙江一派，渔舟月棹，远望焉，仿佛倒影画图，镇卫一巨观也。斯役也，兴于夏初，秋杪即告厥成，计费金四百有奇，是皆倡举，功有难容以泯没者，爰勒石以垂不朽云。  嘉庆十二年菊月吉旦……住持僧性通仝立石</blockquote>▼ 前殿角落里的三通古碑 <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure> ▼ 清嘉庆修建凤林寺碑 <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure> ▼ “寺之后有浮图” <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure>         读了碑就清楚了，这座石塔就是凤林寺之塔。          那么凤林寺塔的年代呢？        最好的情况是有纪年题记。可惜我们没能在凤林寺塔上找到（或许因为风化严重），仅在第二层塔身佛龛上方发现题记六处，由于石塔风化剥落，仅可部分辨认，从这些片段中大概能够知道这是一座由僧人主持、募缘建造的佛塔：<blockquote style="margin: 6px 0px; padding: 55px 30px 35px; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 4px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(217, 217, 217); border-image: initial; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background: url(../../../images/pagecard/bg_blockquote.png) 30px 20px no-repeat rgb(242, 242, 245); color: grey;">僧元靖为亡□生界林□为自身保安捨□□□先伏为考妣□捨□□为考妣二亲生界……六缘奉……进……</blockquote>▼ 第二层塔身佛龛上方的题记 <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure><figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure>         这种求保平安、为往生捨的题刻，常见于福建宋元的石塔、石桥上，而异于福清几座明塔上的题记。          没有直接证据就需要做比较。最有可比性的是龙江桥头的两座石塔，大小、形制、风格最为接近。龙江桥塔是公认的宋塔，两塔均为八角七层，仿木楼阁式，高约6米，每层塔身刻出瓜楞柱，塔壁设壁龛（大部分龛中无佛像），塔下单层须弥座，须弥座之上有一层平座。除了须弥座只有单层之外，整体与凤林寺塔非常接近。距离稍远一点，在闽侯尚干、青口还有三座小型宋塔，分别是尚干庵塔、莲峰石塔、青圃青石塔，也颇有参考价值。更远一些，在福州城内还有一座开元寺塔。（有意思的是以上六塔也都没有准确纪年）▼ 凤林寺塔 <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure> ▼ 龙江桥双塔 <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure> ▼ 尚干庵塔 <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure> ▼ 莲峰石塔 <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure> ▼ 青圃青石塔 <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure> ▼ 开元寺塔 <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure>        我们发现凤林寺塔与这六座塔有许多相似的细节。      1、<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">塔檐飘逸舒展，在塔檐上以浮雕形式表现屋面瓦垄、垂脊、翘角甚至瓦当滴水等，仿木程度高，是典型宋元时期的石塔风格。    2、除了龙江桥西塔完全没有佛像，其余六座塔的塔身大部分都雕刻了单尊佛像，而且都出现了设置个别<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">一铺三像的设计。尚干庵塔在第一层八面均为一佛二菩萨，另外五座都是<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">只设一处一铺三像，开元寺塔已经非常模糊的一佛二菩萨位于塔身一层，龙江桥东塔一佛二弟子位于塔身二层，青圃青石塔、莲峰石塔、凤林寺塔的一佛二弟子位于塔身一层，这五处一铺三像也表明了塔的正面所在。    3、七座塔的塔身与须弥座之间均有平座层（有的每层都有）。开元寺塔、凤林寺塔、青圃青石塔均<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">浮雕单钩阑（有寻杖、斗子蜀柱），尚干庵塔、莲峰石塔只<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">浮雕花板，五座的花板中都<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">浮雕相似的团窠，龙江桥塔平座无雕刻。这种团窠常见于福建宋元遗构，主要出现在花板（栏板）、束腰等位置。    4、凤林寺塔须弥座束腰转角处<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">雕刻持剑武士，共有八尊，姿态各异。在尚干庵塔、青圃青石塔的须弥座中也有持剑武士。三者都是典型宋元时期浑厚、立体的雕刻风格。更不用说凤林寺塔须弥座中，在团窠内雕刻狮子、团花更是典型的宋元风格。▼ 凤林寺塔雕刻细节 <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure><figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure><figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure><figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure><figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure> ▼ 龙江桥塔塔檐细节 <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure> ▼ 尚干庵塔塔檐瓦当清晰可辨 <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure> ▼ 青圃青石塔塔檐 <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure> ▼ 尚干庵塔首层一佛二菩萨像与平座细节 <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure> ▼ 开元寺塔首层已经非常模糊的一佛二菩萨 <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure> ▼ 龙江桥东塔二层一佛二弟子像 <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure> ▼ 青圃青石塔首层一佛二弟子像与平座细节 <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure> ▼ 莲峰石塔首层一佛二弟子像位于匾额下方 <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure> ▼ 尚干庵塔须弥座转角处雕持剑武士 <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure> ▼ 青圃青石塔须弥座转角处雕持剑武士 <figure class="image" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: move; caret-color: transparent; display: table; text-align: center; clear: both; min-width: 50px;"></figure>        综合以上几点来看，<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">凤林寺塔当是宋塔无疑。而且塔的位置处于山体、寺院的最高处，与不远处的宋代瑞峰塔布局相似，都是早期佛寺以塔为主的格局。如果尚干庵塔原来有塔寺的话，应该也是类似的布局。          恰逢四普，（但愿）福清有幸能够增加一座宋塔。拨乱反正、“重新发现”凤林寺塔无疑对于研究福州早期（小型）佛寺和佛塔具有重要意义。 <link rel="stylesheet" href="//www.fqlook.cn/source/plugin/wcn_editor/public/wcn_editor_fit.css?v134_J03" id="wcn_editor_css"/>

改个名字太麻烦 发表于 2024-9-18 16:58:22

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福清融强贺医生 发表于 2024-9-18 20:13:47

古文物保护好

半度微凉 发表于 2024-9-18 22:16:34

历史文化底蕴

清香百合花 发表于 2024-9-19 06:43:11

长知识了，活到老，学到老，

乄卄发表于 2024-9-19 14:38:59

图片也太小了

FQ老炮 发表于 2024-9-23 16:05:18

就是此塔

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看福清's Archiver

在福清“重新发现”一座宋塔